| 722 | Pelayo. a Goth, defeats the Moors at Covadonga and found the kingdom of Asturias in the Asturian hills. |
| about 750 | Alfonso I unites Asturias with Cantabria and acquires León, Old Castile and Galicia. Under Alfonso III León becomes capital of the kingdom. |
| after 778 | The Counties of Catalonia (capital Barcelona) and Navarre are formed out of Charlemagne's Spanish March. |
| about 900 | The County of Castile (named after the castles built for defence against the Moors) comes into being. |
| after 910 | Alfonso III's sons divide the kingdom into Galicia, Asturias and León. |
| 1029 | King Sancho III of Navarre inherits the County of Castile. The division of his kingdom between his three sons lead to the formation of the kingdoms of Castile, Navarre and Aragon. |
| 1037 | Ferdinand (Fernando) i, the Great, of Castile wins León. |
| 1072 | Alfonso VI of Castile reunites the kingdom (which had again been split up), enlarges it by the addition of part of Navarre and in 1085 conquers New Castile and Toledo. Rodrigo Diaz, the Cid (from Arabic sayyid, "lord"), later to become the Spanish national hero, briefly enters the service of the Moors and conquers Valencia (1094). |
| 1109 | Portugal becomes an independent County (from 1139 a kingdom). |
| 1118 | Alfonso I of Aragon extends his kingdom during his wars with the Moors and conquers Zaragoza (which becomes his capital). Failure of attempts to unite castile and Aragon. |
| 1130 | Alfonso VII of Castile becomes emperor, with authority over all the Christian states in Spain, but his empire is divided up again by the laws od succession into Castile and León. |
| 1137 | Union of Aragon and Catalonia. |
| 1212 | In the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa the combined knightly armies of Castile, Aragon and Navarre win a decisive victory over the Almohad Caliph. |
| 1229-38 | Jaime I of Aragon victorious over the Moors. Conquest of the Balearica (1229-35) and Valencia (1238). |
| 1230 | Ferdinand III of Castile finally unites Castile and León, and conquers Córdoba (1236), Murcia (1241) and Seville (1248). |
| 1234-1441 | Navarre under French rule. |
| 1263 | Alfonso X of Castile (from 1257 also king of Germany) conquers Cádiz and Cartegena. |
| 1282 | Pedro III of Aragon gains possession of Sicily. |
| 1295 | Under the peace of Anagni Jaime II of Aragon gives up Sicily, and in return receives Sardinia and Corsica from the Pope. |
| from1307 | The Cortes (the estates representing the church, the nobility and the town) of Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia meet together. |
| 1443 | Aragon acquires the kingdom of Naples. |
| 1458 | Juan II, king of Navarre since 1425, becomes king of Aragon on the death of his brother Alfonso VI. |
| 1496 | The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1474-1504) unites the two kingdoms. Under the Catholic Monarchs the transition to an absolute monarchy takes place. |
| 1486-88 | Reorganisation of the Inquisition in Aragon and Castile by Jiménez de Cisneros (from 1495 archbishop of Toledo). |
| 1492 | The conquest of Granada ends the Reconquista. Thereafter the fanatical expulsion of Moors and Jews begins.
Isabella gives her support to Christopher (Cristóbal Colón), whose voyages of exploration prepare the way for the establishment of the Spanish colonial empire in America. |
| 1494 | The treaty of Tordesillas lays down a demarcation line between Spanish and Portuguese colonial interests in America. |
| 1504 | Ferdinand II recovers Naples and Sicily after the fall of the royal house (a collateral line of the Aragonese kings). |
| 1515 | Navarre up to the Pyrenees falls to Spain. |
