| from 714 | Spain (with the exception of the upland regions of Asturias, Galicia and the Basque country) is a province of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. |
| 732 | Through his victory at Tours and Poitiers Charles Martel drives the Arabs out of Gaul. |
| 756 | The Umayyad Abderrahman I flees to Spain and founds the Emigrate of Córdoba, which extends over the whole of the peninsula. The introduction of new crops (rice, sugar, etc.), irrigation and the growing output of silk and weapons make possible a period of great economic prosperity and high cultural achievement. The Arabs show religious tolerance to Christians and Jews. Many Christians become converts to Islam and adopt the Arabic language and Arab customs (the Mozarabs). |
| 778 | Charlemagne lases his Spanish conquests after the defeat of his rear-guard in the pass of Roncesvalles, in which Roland (hero of the "Chanson de Roland") is killed. |
| 929-1031 | Caliphate of Córdoba, Abderrahman III assumes the title of Caliph in 929. This was the heyday of Moorish culture in Spain (mosques, terraced gardens adjoining the Alhambra, large library, new palace at Medina Azahara, etc.) |
| 930 | The Caliph conquers Toledo, and in the following year north-western Africa to beyond Tahert (lost in 979) |
| 985-97 | Almansor ("the Victorious"), grand vizier of Caliph Hisham II, conquers Barcelona (985), León (987) and Santiago de Compostela (997) - the farthest expansion of Moorish military power in Spain. |
| 1031 | Fall of the last Umayyad Caliph, Hisham III. The Caliphate of Córdoba is split up into more than 20 independent petty states (taifas), later to be reunited by the Almoravids. |
| 1085 | Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo after a five years' siege. |
| from 1086 | The Almoravids, Berber sect from North Africa, responding to a call for help from the Moorish Emirs, defend the Moorish states against Christian attacks under the leadership of Yusuf ibn Tashfin and unite the Muslims south of Spain with their kingdom in North Africa. |
| 1146 | The Almoravid kingdom in North Africa is conquered by the Almohads, a fanatical Berber sect, who maintain their position in Spain from 1195to 1225, continually at war with the Christian kingdoms. |
| 1212 | Caliph Mohammed en-Nasir suffers a heavy defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa at the hands of the combined army of Castile, Aragon and Navarre. A number of petty Muslim states are established, but cannot prevent the decline of the Almohad empire. the moors lose Córdoba (1236), Seville (1248), Cádiz (1263) and other towns. |
| 1238-1492 | The Emirate of Granada, under the Nasrid dynasty. |
| 1238 | Mohammed ibn al-Ahmar, of the Beni Nasr tribe, establishes the Emirate of Granada (incorporating Málaga and Almeria). Granada becomes the wealthiest town in the peninsula and its cultural centre. |
| 1246 | Granada is required to pay tribute to the king of Castile. |
| 1275 | Mohammed II, with the help of Sultan Abu Yusuf of Morocco, defeats the Castilians at Ecija and Martos. |
| 1292 | The emirate loses Tarifa to Castile, followed by Gibraltar in 1309 and Algeciras in 1344. |
| 1300-1400 | Granada's brilliant cultural heyday (Construction of Alhambra). |
| 1333 | Recovery of Gibraltar (until 1462) |
| 1340 | Yusuf I, allied with the Sultan of Morocco, suffers a heavy defeat on the Rio Salado. |
| 1481 | Beginning of the war between Granada and Castile, which gradually conquers the whole of Granadan territory. |
| 1492 | After the fall of Málaga (1487) and Granada (1492) Emir Abdallah Mohammed XIII, known to the Spaniards as Boabdil, withdraws to North Africa. This is followed by the expulsion of the Moors and the Jews, seriously hampering the further economic development of Spain. |
